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Participants

The participants in the study were three intact classes of first-year Chinese students (N=120, aged 17-19) enrolled in an English course at a university in northeastern China. Before the pilot study, the participants had received at least 6 years of for froherefore considered to be at a pre-intere level of language proficiency. English as a foreign language was a pulsory academic subject for all of theudying in the say, using the same course materials and following the same syllabus in their listening classes. The participants' listening scores from the previous semester's final exao ensure of the hoy in the classes regarding the level of listening ability.

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