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Limitations

The results of the current study should be interpreted in light of the following three major limitations.

(a) The ening strategy training was limited to a relatively short period of time (five minutes), and furtherly of the students' curriculum. It might be that the effect of rategy training will only emerge weeks or months later when the learners are able to employ strategies on their own. Therefore, it is suggested that, in future, studies design longer training to detect effects in learners' actual use of the strategies and the application of strategy training should be incorporated into course instruction.

(b) It is very difficult for students to report doing something that they have not been consciously a gathered on the participants' ening awareness, the study only eh no observation of the learners' actual listening perforhe questionnaire what the participants thought they should do instead of what they actually do. However, as Lynch and Mendelsohn (2002, ) remarked, “The fact that listening cours largely unobserved be very difficult to establish the‘process’by which listeners reach their interpretations, even if we have the evidence of the‘product’”.

(c) Another lierns the reliability of the vocabulary delayed posttests. Becausethe participants were engaged in recycling recently met vocabulary, they may have studied some of the target words outside of the context of the experierval between the immediate and delayed posttests. Although this probably did not our to any great degree, it is nevertheless, a possibility that owledged.

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